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TNR is the second‐stage action plan to restore power systems and plays a major role in the process of power system restoration.
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Recently, transmission network reconfiguration (TNR) becomes a hot topic and has made many concerns after major blackouts of power systems. Cascading failures can easily occur and cause a major blackout in the power grid due to the breakdown or failure of important nodes or links. When a power system blackout occurs, it affects the economy of the country and every aspect of human life. Moreover, GA has some advantages and disadvantages, which are discussed in Table 3.
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In Reference 26, GA and deterministic-based approaches are proposed to solve best topological network arrangement with security criteria problem against actions including line outages and change over operations. 32 The objective of the GA is to optimize the restoration sequence of target nodes and the objective of the Dijkstra algorithm is to obtain the shortest path from the black start units to target nodes 30 as shown in Figure 2.
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The objective of the proposed GA is to minimize the power transfer distribution factor PTDF (parallel flows), 31 to find an optimal path for the skeleton network, 29 to minimize the L-index value. The objective of the proposed GA is to minimize the sum of branch overloads with consideration of line switching performing cost, 27 to obtain optimized skeleton networks for power systems is the main objective of GA with the expert system, 28 to maximize the reconstruction efficiency, 102 to detect the congestion with less real power losses 26,103 as shown in Figure 2.
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